Thursday, August 27, 2020

Nathan Forrests Monument Tribute to Selmas Defender or Wizard of Ku Essay

Nathan Forrests Monument Tribute to Selmas Defender or Wizard of Ku Klux Klan - Essay Example Nathan Forrest’s Monument †Tribute to Selma’s Defender or Wizard of Ku Klux Klan In my point of view, laws of equity and humankind struggle with committing a landmark to a man whose name typifies America’s shocking history of racial bias and gore. So as to grasp this contention, it is basic to dissect the horde of angles encompassing it, for example, first revision, American history, political dramatization, and society’s responses. The issue is that the Forrest Monument has consistently blended radically clashing nostalgic responses among Americans. During the common war, Nathan Bedford Forrest rose from a private warrior to the position of lieutenant general in the Confederate Army. He was acclaimed for being a self-taught, valiant, and splendid mounted force pioneer. Preceding the war, Forrest was a princely grower, land sponsor, and slave dealer. Regardless of lacking military instruction, Forrest rose to high positions because of his inborn key and strategic capacities. He spearheaded novel arrangements for portable powers, which earned him the title of â€Å"The Wizard of the Saddle† (United Daughters of Confederacy 90). For some Forrest is a splendid Civil War saint and pith of fortitude and conclusiveness. Todd Kiscaden, a companion and supporter of Forrest landmark expressed, â€Å"I prescribe this man to display his life after. He generally drove from the front. He did what he said he would do. He dealt with his kin, and his kin included the two races (Allen).†... A concentrate from the letter of a confederate officer, Achilles Clark, confirms these realities as he composed that the butcher was dreadful. He, with a few others, attempted to stop the brutalities of war and mostly succeeded, however General Forrest requested blacks to be killed like canines, and the gore proceeded. Albeit a few students of history have bypassed his shrewd, uncaring wrongdoings against negroes, the truth of the matter is that Forrest was not coldblooded, racially preferential slave vendor (Loewen and Sebesta 280). In like manner, Forrest is additionally scandalous for being the Grand Wizard of Ku Klux Klan, a secret vigilante bunch that directed an unnerving rule against African-Americans, Republicans and individuals who moved to south after the war (Ashdown and Caudill 39). Hence, developing his landmark is â€Å"boldly racist† as Malika Fortier, a main adversary in this battle, cites. Regardless of the up to referenced realities, there are legitimate impe diments in forestalling further work on the Forrest sculpture. The most basic waiting inquiry is that of land proprietorship. Advocates of the sculpture fight that the nearby specialists of Selma granted the United Daughters of the Confederacy a section of land of burial ground in 1877. Instead of this, protestors contend that no authoritative records exist to prove the exchange of proprietorship to the United Daughters of the Confederacy (Brown 13). In spite of the fact that the topic of land proprietorship is for the time being the most critical, it establishes just the essential inquiries and legitimate results that will follow. For example, if the land were regarded as private property, bystanders would not know that this burial ground contains Confederate Circle. In plain terms, the burial ground may be understood as open property regardless of whether it is

Saturday, August 22, 2020

College Essays That Stands Out

College Essays That Stands OutWriting college essays that stand out from the rest requires more than a college student's typical writing skills. If you are trying to find out how to write college essays that stand out, you should realize that students in a class such as this must understand their subject well.It is necessary for students to grasp the principles of their class and master their course material before they can get into deeper and more involved learning. Their knowledge of their assigned text and materials must be enhanced with the methods taught in their class. This will allow them to have a well-rounded education and thus be able to contribute well in college courses.A good essay is one that is clear and concise and can easily communicate a student's thought. An example of a good essay can be found in most college textbooks for various subjects. These text books are written with some degree of thought and research.When looking for more ideas for college essays that sta nd out, students should also be aware of their own writing skills. They should try to do their best even if the assignment seems easy. Sometimes even a poorly written assignment can be better than no assignment at all.For students who need extra help with writing college essays that stand out, a teacher may offer the help, but a better idea is to ask some of their other students who can give them pointers. Research and ask around. Students can also read some professional text books for related topics to get an idea on how the writing should be done.Writing a paper for college is difficult enough, and students should know that before they begin. These papers are designed to be read and enjoyed by the reader. Therefore, it needs to be written well and should contain all the necessary information.Most papers for college do not start with a thesis statement, which is the main argument in the paper. The first thing a student usually writes is a summary or introduction, usually at the top of the page. This initial article is used to introduce a topic for discussion and to provide information to the reader. Essays usually follow a structure consisting of a body, a conclusion, and a bibliography.Students can have success with these papers in several different ways. The main focus should be to make the entire article concise and easy to read.

Friday, August 21, 2020

Some Essay Topics To Consider

Some Essay Topics To ConsiderInternet essay topics are a big deal for college students and adults alike. In the hands of a good writer, the Internet is a wonderful forum for both general essay topics and truly focused essay topics. In this article, I will share some of my favorite essay topics and briefly discuss why I choose them. Hopefully, this will help you decide which essay topics are the best.Of course, one of the first kinds of topics you should consider for your essay is general topics. These are topics that range from the personal to the political. You can go on to decide how to connect these topics to your career or even life in general. Whether you like to think of it as a mini biography or a profile, these topics are just broad enough to be of interest to an audience. Make sure you are careful when choosing your general essay topics; though general is generally the most popular style.Career topics are more specific than general topics. You will find many different types of career subjects and they vary by career. For example, there are some subjects that deal with doctors (disease) and others that deal with lawyers (law). If you are going to write about lawyers, you should also consider covering the law school experience, the profession, and anything else relevant to lawyers in your area. With that said, the more general the topic, the more specific you can get.If you are going to use this form of the essay, it is important to remember that you are going to be writing about a person or personage in a formal environment. This means using terms that are specific enough to be understood by a wide audience. In addition, you should always make sure to avoid a technical terminology that is unclear for most readers, as this can cause all sorts of trouble.The second type of essay to consider is one that uses metaphors. Justlike the metaphor in your marketing brochure, there are some people who can understand metaphors and some who cannot. While this will n ot be very helpful in writing a research paper, it can be an effective essay topic. If you are not sure if your audience will understand a metaphor, you may want to include a hint about the metaphor or acknowledge that the reader might not get it.The third kind of essay topic is about real life subjects. You could write about your job, your family, the war in Iraq, religion, politics, and a variety of other topics that may be of interest to your audience. This is a good topic because you can relate it to the real world. In addition, you will have a greater chance of making a connection between your real life topic and your essay topic.The fourth type of essay topic is one that is based on personal experience. If you have had a good or bad experience in your life, you may want to consider including this information in your essay. Your essay topic could be about your grandmother's dream of owning a cow, a childhood love of sports, or any other experience that made you feel you were a special person. This can be a good topic because it gives you an idea of what kind of person you are; thus, a chance to prove yourself.As you can see, there are many different essay topics that you can choose from when writing a term paper. There are many topics that are easy to relate to, and many that are difficult to relate to. Ultimately, you need to find the topic that is most appropriate for your essay and your grade. This is one of the more difficult parts of writing an essay; but once you have figured out the topic, it is much easier to complete.

Thursday, May 14, 2020

Operation Management - Case Study Analysis - 2196 Words

Author: Diana Nagy, MBA FT 11, Grenoble Graduate School of Business Course: Operation Management Prof.: Alexander Fidanza Assignment: Custom Molds Inc. - case study analysis Submitted: November 2010 Custom Molds Inc. – Case Study Analysis 1. What are the major issues Tom and Mason Miller are facing? Looking at the workflow of Custom Molds raises several questions. First, customers’ complaints about delivery delays have increased. The voice of the customer always signals a problem. Tom and Mason Miller now have to identify where that problem lies and how it can be solved. Following the 6 step analysis presented by the authors of Operation Management Strategy and Operations [Krajewski J. Lee, 2001], the first step is to identify where†¦show more content†¦The production of parts, however, was not a labor intensive process. It required speed. The competitive advantage of this company was therefore the ability to produce highly accurate molds as well as quickly delivered parts. One of their competitive advantages was the linkage between the two processes. While another company might have had to rely on suppliers for the molds, Custom Molds produced both in house. Having a well managed inventory of molds allowed the company to supply additional parts to former custome rs very quickly. It also ensured customer loyalty. The company thus, differentiated itself from the competition by being flexible enough to match market changes, reliable in meeting schedules and fast in order delivery. Recent changes in the industry challenged the company’s competitive advantage. With orders for parts booming, the company cannot afford bottlenecks in this process. The total number of parts produced in 1988 compared to the total number of parts produced in 1990 reveals an increase of more than 200% (Table 1). Orders for 1000 to 5000 units have increased 6 to 8 fold which brings the company close to mass production. Clearly, focusing on parts production will become more profitable for the company. The question asked here should relate to capacity. Do we have the capacity to handle this kind of growth? How can we improve our process to avoid delivery delays toShow MoreRelatedThe Food And Beverage Management1506 Words   |  7 Pagesand beverage management is very significant function for each and every hospitality organization. The current research report focuses on the food and beverage operation management (Heizer and et al, 2009). The whole research report is based on case study of Queens Head restaurant and its food and beverage management. The current study includes the assessment of the operation system and its effectiveness for organization. Further, it focuses on the critical appraisal of the operation planning andRead More460 Syllabus KWONG Winter 11 121220855 Words   |  4 PagesMGMT 460: CASE STUDIES IN OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT Winter 2011, SHC C368 Instructor: Kern Kwong, Ph.D. Office: Simpson Tower 805 College of Business and Economics California State University, Los Angeles Office Hours: Tuesday: 2:00-6:00 p.m. Email: kkwong2@calstatela.edu Website: http://instructional1.calstatela.edu/kkwong2/Mgmt460 Office Telephone: 323-343-2899 [Use email if you need a reply quickly.] Course Description Management 460 is a case studies course in the management of manufacturingRead MoreComair1351 Words   |  6 PagesThis report will analyze and discuss of the case study; Airline Industry Analysis, Comair. In this report we also will include both traditional and changing strategies within the industry. In this report, point will be discussed such as what causes the failure? What should be done by the manager, Delta executive and IT crew management to avoid this exposure Problem : Comair’s Crew Scheduling System Breaks Down Case Study : Airline Industry Analysis Comair, the airline which is owned by DeltaRead MorePathophysiology Of Femur Fractures And Five Year Old Children1164 Words   |  5 PagesPartial Fulfillment of Master Degree in Orthopaedic Surgery BY Ibrahim Ahmed Ibrahim Mehrez Contents: †¢ Introduction †¢ Aim of Work †¢ Review of Literature ïÆ'Ëœ Chapter 1: Pathophysiology of Femur Fractures in Children. ïÆ'Ëœ Chapter 2: Management with Intramedullary Nailing and Spica Casts. ïÆ'Ëœ Chapter 3: Advantages of Intramedullary Nailing and Spica Casts. ïÆ'Ëœ Chapter 4: Disadvantages of Intramedullary Nailing and Spica Casts. †¢ Patients and Methods †¢ Results †¢ Discussion †¢ Summary †¢ RecommendationsRead MoreSystem Development Life Cycle666 Words   |  3 PagesSTAGE 1 Systems Planning Stage Topic Chapter 2 Analyzing the Business Case Deliverable Preliminary investigation report Toolkit Support Primary tools: Communications, financial analysis, and project management tool Other tool as required. 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Contrasted with previous studies mainly conducted in leader companies, this journal analyzes how the target costing implement in small and medium enterprises(SME). While, the company cannot obtain the competitive advantage with only cost consideration. Besides the simple cost reduction technique, target costing also should be identified as the integrated strategic profit operation system which is applied with other management techniques. In order to exploreRead MoreA Critical Evaluation Of Financial Performance Essay1689 Words   |  7 PagesA CRITICAL EVALUATION OF FINANCIAL AND OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE THROUGH 360 DEGREE ANALYSIS LALIT MOHAN (Research Scholar) Deptt. Of ABST, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur ABSTRACT Though 360 degree analysis is related with human resource management but here the 360 analysis will include the overall analysis of operational and financial performance from every angle. In human resources or Industrial psychology, 360-degree feedback, also known as multi-rater feedback, multisource feedbackRead MoreInventory And Transportation : Supply Chain Total Cost Essay1275 Words   |  6 Pagesrequire keen attention for supply chain efficiency to be realized. Inventory costs include; Capital cost that forms the largest factor of inventory carrying cost. Companies must balance money held inform of inventory and money required for daily operations. Inventory is treated as an asset in the balance sheet hence attracts taxation from most governments. To cover against loss and damages, insurance premiums are paid. When inventory utilization is slower than expected there is a likely hood of obsolesceRead MoreQuality Function Deployment1326 Words   |  6 Pages-------------------- ----------------------------- operatÄ ±ons management project report Cost management through product design: target costing approach, Yasemin Zengin and Erhan Ada In this paper, target costing tool combined with other management techniques, namely Quality Function Deployment (QFD) and Value Engineering (VE), has been focused with a case study. In this case study, QFD-TC (Target Costing) methodology has been executed in a SME (Small and medium enterprises) and it is showed that

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

A List of Differences Between the Pride and Prejudice Book...

There is a big difference between the book and the series or movie. We did a little research and came out with these differences. The story of the book takes place in 1813, the time when the book was first published. The time frame of the movie is the late 18th century. In the book Elizabeth, one of the Bennet sisters is a sweet, good mannered and intelligent girl with good humor. She and her sister, Jane, are very open and share every detail of their lives. In contrast to the film were Elizabeth is often rude and petulant. And where Jane and Elizabeth have a lot of secrets for each other. Originally Mrs. Bennet simply hears something from Mrs. Long about the arrival of Bingley. In the film Darcy and Bingley come to see Netherfield on horseback while they express their opinions about the region. Mrs. Bennet is in the movie very hard for her girls, she says in front of them that she wishes she had had sons. This is never mentioned in the book. Charlotte, a friend of Elizabeth, gives her friends information about the newcomers. In the book the entire neighborhood is aware of everything about Bingley but there was not written that everyone knew it from Charlotte. In the movie Darcy belittles Elizabeth during the ball, but she doesn’t care. She says to her mother and father that if he would ask her to dance later, she would say no on the spur of the moment. The story that Jane Austin wrote, only tells that Mrs. Bennet explains Darcy’s insult to Mr. Bennet butShow MoreRelatedStereotyping, Discrimination and Prejudice in the Media1553 Words   |  7 PagesThe movie that I have chosen to watch for this particular bonus assignment is called The Freedom Writers. The movie is about a new teacher and the challenges that she faces in order to make the students in her English class, who come from different ethnics backgrounds and who most hate each other, get along. And, of course, by the end of the movie, she is successful in doing so. Racism played a major role in this movie, seen as a negative aspect in the childrens attitudes and mentalities. RacismRead MoreEssay on Orientalism 2396 Words   |  10 Pageshis book he points out many reasons why the study of orientalism is hurting the cultures in which they are studying. The study of other cultures and countries better known as the Orient has become a popular discussion since Said’s book on orientalism was published. This paper will take a look at what Orientalism is, and some of the surrounding topics that come with it like identity, power and knowledge, discourse, and the arts. It will also examine a Hollywood film called â€Å"Bride and Prejudice,† whileRead MoreSymbolism Of The Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1956 Words   |  8 PagesIf it is important, it is remembered. If it has any value, it will last far into the future, if not forever. This is why Michelangelo’s David, the Mona Lisa, the automobile, The Beatles, and Pride and Prejudice are all remembered. If it is the first to make an impact, it becomes important. That is when it will affect people in future generations. For example, the Model T is not produced anymore, but is the grandfather of almost every car made today, affecting jobs, businesses, people, and the worldRead MoreFrankenstein Study Guide14107 Words   |  57 Pagesthrough a tiny hole in the wall, he was moved by their love for each other. As they taught a foreign friend how to speak their language, the creature also learned along with her. The creature also learned about what it means to be human by reading three books he found. He gathered his courage to approach the blind man alone. He was received sympathetically, but when the others returned they drove him away in fear. From that moment, the creature vowed revenge against humankind and especially his creatorRead MoreEssay on Stress and Anger6191 Words   |  25 Pagesgrow. Avoiding frightening situations may reinforce and build f ears and stress. Seeing others afraid and being warned of real or nonexistent dangers can make us afraid under certain conditions. (modeling) This can include seeing a movie or TV or reading a book or perhaps just fantasizing a danger. Some people have learned to see things negatively; they have a mental set that causes them to see threats and personal failure when others do not. Of course, seeing the situation as negative (terrible)Read MoreBiography of Kishore Biyani11159 Words   |  45 Pagesbased in Mumbai. His older daughter Ashni is a director of Future Ideas, groups innovation and incubation cell. Kishore is the co-author of the book It happened in India. It is the story of Pantaloons, Big Bazaar, Central, and the Great Indian Consumer, co-authored with Dipayan Baishya. The book has sold some 100,000 copies, more than any other business book published in India so far. 2. WHY DID YOU CHOOSE THAT PERSONALITY? 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As the manager of an electric company andRead MoreSegregation and Discrimination in the United States Military During World War Two10166 Words   |  41 Pages| | | 5/3/2010 | | Segregation and Discrimination in the United States Military during World War Two Thesis: Although the U.S. military has been a leader in desegregation and in other social matters, during World War Two fear and prejudice keep many highly qualified people from serving. This weakened every branch of the military by limiting it to a less diverse and therefore less flexible fighting force. 1. History of the U.S. Military a. Leader in social matters Read Morepaul hoang answers72561 Words   |  291 PagesPress    1 Business Management – Answer Book Important message from the author Dear Colleagues, Thank you for purchasing my textbook and for the encouraging words that many of you have passed on from around the world. In the final installment, I have put together answers/solutions to all 217 case studies. I hope you will find these solutions as a useful starting point. As with all BM mark schemes, the solutions in this Answer Book should be used with caution and flexibility. StudentsRead MoreSSD2 Module 1 Notes31223 Words   |  125 Pagesout who you should be in relation to others. Many writers on communication have expressed the idea that each of us is the most important subject of our interpersonal communication, but none so eloquently as Wendell Johnson when he titled one of his books Your Most Enchanted Listener. The message is that you are, and ought to be-and should not be ashamed to be-a primary focus of your own communication. You communicate to learn more about others. Much of what other people do and say influences you;

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Psychology Abnormality free essay sample

This essay explores what is abnormality with respect to the different ways by which it can be defined such as statistical infrequency, deviation from social norms, failure to function adequately and deviating from ideal mental health and viewing their limitations and by using different models such as Psychodynamic, Cognitive, Behavioural and Medical model in identifying what is abnormal and their treatment. But the essay would focus more on the medical model and the different approaches used to define abnormality all have their focus point which is to distinguish between what is normal and abnormal. In order to understand abnormal psychology, it is essential to first understand what it meant by the term abnormal. The meaning seems obvious; abnormal indicates something that is outside of the norm. But am talking about the norms of a particular group, gender or age and many human behaviours can follow what is known as the normal  curve. Looking at this bell-shaped curve, the majority of individuals are clustered around the highest point of the curve, which is known as the average. People who fall very far at either end of the normal curve might be considered abnormal. One of the approaches used to define abnormality is statistical infrequency. This is when statistics is used to define the norm for any group of people. According to this approach abnormality is defined as deviating away from the mean which is represented on a normal distribution curve. Using statistical infrequency to define abnormality means that it is impossible to distinguish between desirable and undesirable behaviours. For example according to this definition left-handed people would be regarded as abnormal. However in context this being left-handed cannot be classified as being either normal or abnormal. In the case of depression, any symptoms experienced by around 80% of the population are thought to be normal but those experienced by 20% would be defined as abnormal. However there should be a cut-off point which should be used to decide what a normal or abnormal symptom is. The cut-off point is important as it would be used to determine what sort of treatment an individual receives. Due to the difficulty experienced in choosing the cut-off point in relation to abnormality or normality, the statistical infrequency cannot be seen as a successful means to classify or identify desirable and undesirable behaviours. This therefore highlights that this may be difficult to use in defining abnormality. Although the statistical infrequency is a very precise and scientific method; the great failure of this approach is that the decision that someone is abnormal is very objective rather than being very subjective. The deviation from social norms is another approach used to define abnormality. In all societies there are standards of acceptable behaviour that are set by social groups. These social norms include morals and expectations of how one should behave or act. These norms are usually set for good reasons. One such example is politeness. In Japan, when greeting someone it is custom (normal) to lower your head as a sign of respect, but if you were not to do this you would be labelled abnormal or in this case, disrespectful. In other words, not doing what everyone else is doing is seen as abnormal. Another form of example is in some part of the world homosexuality is seen as been abnormal because everyone believes in heterosexuality which is the normal thing. Davison, et al [2004] believes homosexuality is abnormal but at the same time still thinks it is normal for people to practise homosexuality. Abnormal behaviour is seen as deviation from implicit rules about how one ought to behave. This approach takes into account the effect behaviour has on others as well. This means that to a certain extent this approach has been successful in defining abnormality. In India it is deemed normal for girls as young as 9 years of age to marry much older men. However this does not mean that it would be acceptable in other countries like the UK. In other words, the ‘norms’ from one social group cannot be used to classify another group’s behaviour. In some countries the norms that is the morals and beliefs, may be affected by some factors including religion, sexuality and gender. The deviation from social norm approach has been criticized as some say it is not always a bad thing to deviate from the norm. This is applicable in the case of people in Germany that resisted the Nazi occupation during the Second World War and also deviance and non conformism are sometimes confused in this model. These limitations suggest that the use of deviation from social norms as a means of defining abnormality is difficult over a long period of time and in particular contexts The third approach used to define abnormality is the deviation from ideal mental health. This approach defines what normal is and regards any deviation from this as abnormal. It states that a person is abnormal if they are not constantly striving towards or competent in self-attitudes, personal growth, integration, autonomy, perception of reality, environmental mastery. This definition focuses on the positive aspects of mental health instead of physical health. For example; doctors would say that a high temperature means a person is ill. This approach uses the same idea, but relates it to mental health instead of physical health. However, some of the criteria are vague and hard to define such as self-actualization. Hence this is makes this a limitation when using this approach because not everyone would be able to achieve the point about personal growth as stated by Rogers [1959] and Maslow [1954] who believed that abnormality is the result of a person not achieving their life goals. On the other hand Jahoda 1958 believed ‘abnormality’ and ‘normality’ concepts are useless because they are culturally dependant. Jahoda [1985] identified categories that clinicians typically relate to mental health. They are self-attitudes, self-esteem, identity, personal growth, integration autonomy which is how much a person is independent of social influences, perception of reality and environmental mastery that is success and addictiveness including the ability to love, work and play. The limitation to this definition is that it is impossible for an individual to achieve all their goals [ideal characteristic] at all time. The final approach used to define abnormality is failure to function adequately. This approach considers abnormality from the individual’s point of view. Most people aim to cope with day-to-day living, therefore using this approach abnormality can be defined in terms of not being able to cope. For example if one is depressed this is acceptable as long as they can still carry on doing day-to-day activities. Therefore failure to function adequately refers to an individual’s inability to cope with day-to-day living. This approach provides an opportunity to view mental disorder from the point of view of the person experiencing it. This approach uses the Rosenham and Seligman’s [1989] 7 abnormal characteristics theory to aid its definition of abnormality thereby enhancing the ability to label a person normal or abnormal. The 7 characteristics include suffering which is defined as the experience of personal distress of discomfort, maladaptiveness which is prevents good relationships and the achievement of life goals, vividness and unconventional behaviour, unpredictability and loss of control which leads to uncontrolled and inappropriate behaviour, irrationality/ ncomprehensibility, observer discomfort and violation of moral and ideal standards which is behaviour that is against the moral standards of society. The Rosenham and Seligman’s theory states that the fewer of these characteristics that a person shows, the closer to normal they are. However but if a person exhibited several of these characteristics, this means they are abnormal. One of the limitations to this approach is that most judgemen ts are subjective and some of the 7 characteristics are unreliable. For example personal distress is not a solid proof of abnormality as not all mental disorders are accompanied by a state of distress. Also an abnormal behaviour may actually be helpful because it contributes to an individual’s normal function and adaptive behaviour. For example, a person who has obsessive compulsive disorder of hand washing may find that the behaviour makes them cheerful, happy and better able to cope with their day to day activities. A clear evaluation of the approaches stated above proves that abnormality is hard to define as it is perceived differently in different cultures and from different perspectives. They all focus on a particular area without considering other areas. This is the reason why the different approaches have been used in an attempt to distinguish abnormality from normality. Another model of abnormality is known as the Medical approach or sometimes the biological approach. This approach uses physical illness as a model for psychological disorder, suggesting that mental illness has an underlying bodily cause. It proposes that genetic, organic or chemical factors cause mental illnesses which give rise to behavioural and psychological problems. Mental illness may be due to brain dysfunction {neurological}, biochemical imbalances, infections or genetics. The manifestation of these symptoms can be used to determine what medical/physical treatment would be available. On the other hand the cognitive approach focuses on an individual’s way of thinking and suggests that psychological problems or disorders {abnormality} are caused by repressed emotion and experiences from the past(usually childhood) and as a result of this repression, alternative behaviour or maladaptive behaviour replaces what is being repressed. Warren and Zgourides {1991} explain that it was the â€Å"must† thoughts of these individuals that create the disorder, for example â€Å"I must perform well otherwise it will be awful†. Kovacs and Beck [1978] point out some key ideas in defining abnormality through cognitive that â€Å"from commonplace processes such as faulty learning, making incorrect inferences on the basic of inadequate or incorrect information† The patient is believed to be cured by the use of altering the faulty thinking by reflecting back on their past while the medical model believes that treating any mental abnormality must be physical or biological Medical model view is that the individual’s behaviour is determined by factors outside his or her control, the cognitive model believes that the individual is in control. This is because individuals control their own thoughts and feelings. Medical model analyse that neurotransmitter, serotonin, which are major psychological illness such as bipolar disorder and anorexia are caused by the reduce level of serotonin in the brain. The medical model suggest that any psychological illness should be treated like any physical illness either caused by chemical imbalance or stress and should be treated either by surgery [electroconvulsive therapy],or drugs. Psychological illness could be treated under the medical model by the use of electroconvulsive therapy, drugs, psychosurgery [prefrontal lobotomy] which helps in treating some disorder and illness. At present, there are lots of drugs used in disorder treatment such as tranquillizers used to relieve anxiety; anti depressants help to relieve depression and anti psychotic to relieve hallucinations and mental confusion. Drug treatment is better than nothing as they don’t cure the problem but only reduce the symptoms and patients often prefer drug therapy, as it is quicker, easier and less threatening than talk therapy. The behavioural model sees abnormality as behaviour learnt through conditioning and it focus on reinforcing positive behaviours and not reinforcing maladaptive behaviours. Behaviours models seem to be successful but don’t focus on the underlying factor of the illness and so have more chances of reoccurrence. Medical model genetically believe that there are some link in causing psychological disorder, Example is when there are concordance studies to examine the role genetics play in disorder such as schizophrenia. In regard to the dopamine hypothesis that involves the exception of paranoid schizophrenia, and the direct cause of schizophrenic symptoms is an excess of the neurotransmitter dopamine, and by the use of anti-schizophrenic drugs such as chlorpromazine work by combining to opamine receptor sites, thus reducing dopamine activities while the cognitive approach do not see the treatment of abnormality in the same view as the medical approach but the behavioural and cognitive model use the same treatment methods but psychiatrists of the cognitive model use differing methods for treatment and the important one is the use of Rational Emotional Therapy. The medical model, Szasz [1962] criticise mental illness and believed that medical approach can also have consequences, whether biologic ally responsible or not, as drugs always have a chance of causing allergic reactions or addiction compare to other models . The prefrontal lobotomy which could have a nasty tendency to leave the patient vegetabilized or numb with a flat personality, shuffling movement. Electrotherapy which could cause unnecessary stress and the surgery can lead to death as well as dull the personality, as the area of the brain responsible for emotion (Hypothalamus) is often altered or even damaged that might lead to removal. In conclusion I would like to say that medical model is the most safes one by using drugs of different kinds to treat diseases in helping or alleviating human suffering, but this model also have its negative side to treatment and surgery because drugs can have have serious side effects and lead to drug dependence and surgery such as electroconvulsive shock therapy can make the lives of patients worse rather than better as compared to other models.